193 research outputs found
ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π° Π³ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅, Π΄ΠΈΡΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ
Π’Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ Π·Π³Π»ΠΎΠ± Π΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ Π·Π³Π»ΠΎΠ± ΠΈ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ½Π° Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΎΡ. ΠΠ²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π²ΠΎ Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠ° Π·Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ Π·Π³Π»ΠΎΠ± ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΡΡΠΊΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ΄ ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΈΠ·Π±ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π½Π° ΠΈ Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ° Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡ Π΄Π° Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π΅ Π΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅
Temporomandibular disorders β classification and etiological factors
Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are a group of more than 30 conditions that
cause pain and dysfunction in the jaw joint and muscles that control jaw movement.
According to the latest classification TMDs can be classified into the following
categories: Masticatory muscle disorders (muscle pain, muscle spasm, myositis and
tendonitis); Derangements of the condyle-disc disorders (disc displacement with and
without reduction, disc perforation, structural changes in the articular surfaces of the
TMJ and TMJ dislocation); Inflammatory and degenerative disorders (arthritis and
osteoarthritis); Limited mobility of TMJ β hypomobility (forward disc displacement,
ankylosis and trismus) and Congenital and developmental anomalies.
The causes of temporomandibular disorders are complex and multifactorial. There are
numerous factors that can contribute to temporomandibular disorders, mostly divided in
five major etiological factors, such as: Unbalanced occlusion; Trauma; Emotional stress;
Deep inner pain and Parafunctional movements.
The successful management of temporomandibular disorders is dependent on
identifying and controlling the contributing factors. There is no treatment that is universal
and appropriate for all temporomandibular disorders. In many situations, the success of
therapy depends less on how the treatment is performed than on whether the therapy is
appropriate and correct for the disorder. Therefore, making a correct diagnosis is
extremely important for proper treatment
ΠΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π°Π±Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ
ΠΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π°Π±Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π³ΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π·Π° ΡΠ±Π°Π²Π° ΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΌΠ΅Π²ΠΊΠ°. Π’ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ±Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π°ΡΠΌΠ΅Π²ΠΊΠ° Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ²Π°Π»Π΅. ΠΠ·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π²Π°ΠΊΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π±Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π°Π»Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π·Π° ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°, Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π·Π° ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π° Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΡ, Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ²Π° Π΄Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ±Π°, ΡΠ°Π·Π±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π΄ΡΠΆΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π» Π΄Π° Π³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ
ΠΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΈ Π·Π° Π±Π΅Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈ - ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ
Π’Π΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π» 1-1.5ΡΠ°Π°Ρ
- Π²ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ Π²ΠΎ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ β ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π±Π°, ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°
- ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° Π±Π΅Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ
- ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π±Π΅Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ β ΠΈΠ·Π±ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ, ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π½Π° Π·Π°Π± ΠΈ Π½Π° Π±Π΅Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ Π½Π°Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΊ
ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ Π΄Π΅Π» 2 ΡΠ°Π°ΡΠΈ
- ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΡΠΈ Π·Π°Π±Π° (ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ², ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ
Assessing prevalence of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders among dental students using Fonsecaβs questionnaire
Aim: Temporomandibular Disorders (TMDs) are very frequent and the most common condition that affects the temporomandibular joint harming individualsβ quality of life. The etiology of temporomandibular disorders is multifactorial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and association between stress and TMDs in dental students in Macedonia.
Material and methods: The research was conducted on 95 dental students using Fonsecaβs questionnaire to measure the prevalence and to identify the severity of symptoms of temporomandibular disorders along with their clinical examinations. The results were scored and estimated in the specified population. The group consisted of 40 men and 55 women and were divided in two groups: Group 1 consisted of 60 and Group 2 of 35 students. The data analyses were based on the respondents in the questionnaires and calculated using Statistical software SPSS for Windows version 23.
Results: Results of this study showed that the prevalence of TMD was 57,89% accordingly of them 45,26% with mild TMD, 10,52% moderate and 5,26% severe TMD. According to the answers, the symptoms were more prevalent in women, with 63,63%. Some level of TMD was registered in men with 36,36%. The most common etiological factors were psychological stress (31,57%) and malocclusion (18,94%). Clicking sound was found in 10,52% of the students.
Conclusion: Stress was associated with individuals with a higher prevalence of temporomandibular dysfunction. This study highlights the importance of prevention and early diagnosis as key factors for successful management of TMD among dental students.
Key words: dental students, Fonseca's questionnaire, stress, temporomandibular disorder
Treatment with active orthodontic appliance in adult patient
Aim: Showing the efficiency of orthodontic mobile appliance in treatment of adult patient
Case summary: The patient A.K. Age 25 years whit forced progenia, bilateral hypodontia of the maxillary incisors and cross bite of 2 mm in front. The patient was treated with active orthodontic appliance whit bitten ridge and down labial arch. The treatment lasted 18 months after which periods is reached normal occlusion with normal overlap in front and closed diastema mediana. The hypodontia of the maxillary lateral incisors is resolved by prosthetic construction.
Conclusion: By solving these malocclusions the patient has established normal function of stomathognathic system and the required esthetic in satisfied. This case demonstrates that orthodontic mobile appliance can be used in treatments of adult patient whit significant success
A Fundamental Human Right: Expanding Access to Affordable Housing for Latin America\u27s Low and Middle-Income Families
ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ Π·Π°Π± Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ ΡΠΎ Π·Π°Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ°, Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈ, ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ° Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π° Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅.ΠΠΊΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ Π΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ²Π½Π°, ΠΎΠ²Π° Π±ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π»ΠΎ Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎΡ Π° Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Π» ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡ Π·Π° Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π».ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π²ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ»ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ° (Π½Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ), Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° Π΄Π° Π·Π½Π°Π°Ρ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΡ, Π° Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ Π·Π°Π±. ΠΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π° ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π³ΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡΠ»ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°.ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅: ΠΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΠ³Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ Π·Π°Π± Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π·Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡ. ΠΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ - ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° Π±ΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π». ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ° - ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ Π°ΠΏΡΡΠ΅Ρ (ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° Π³Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡ). ΠΠΎΠ² Π°ΠΏΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ Π½Π°Π΄Π²ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π° Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡ Π²ΡΠ· ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π·Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡΠ²Π°, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠΊ. Π‘ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ° Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΡΠ΅Π½ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡ. ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π» Π½Π΅ Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½, ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΎΡ Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ Π²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°.ΠΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅ΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΡ.ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈ, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΈ ΡΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΈ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Π·Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°, Π³ΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈ
Root caries - risk factors, preventive and restorative measures
Dental caries is an infectious disease of the hard dental tissues caused by the oral flora, which together with the host factor and the nutritional factor, influence the process of demineralization of the hard dental tissues and cavity formation. Root caries is a multifactorial disease that occurs in the elderly population and is associated with age-related physiological gingival recession that is significantly exacerbated when combined with poor oral hygiene. Because root caries is a multifactorial disease, there may be multiple factors that contribute to its occurrence, whether it be intraoral factors, behavioral factors, or population-related factors, all of which increase an individual's risk of developing root caries. on the tooth. Several studies show that the majority of root caries are primary lesions. This indicates the fact that the majority by controlling/modifying risk factors can prevent the occurrence and progression of tooth root caries.
The purpose of this paper was to highlight risk factors for the occurrence of root caries, methods of prevention and treatment. For the realization of this paper, several scientific and research papers, a literature search through the electronic database PubMed and an anonymous survey questionnaire were used in order to obtain information regarding the experience dentists have with root caries, regarding how they manage this dental problem. Identifying risk factors that contribute to the occurrence of root caries of the tooth is an important factor for a dentist, because by identifying and eliminating it, success is achieved in terms of preventive measures to prevent the occurrence of root caries of the tooth. There are a large number of risk factors, all of which directly or indirectly cause the development of root caries, and according to our respondents, the most common factors indicated for this problem are: bad edges of crowns, bad edges of restorations, bad oral hygiene and gingival recession. Therefore, the best preventive treatment will consist of identifying risk factors, improving oral hygiene, limiting carbohydrate intake and regular dental check-ups
Oral hygiene level maintenance of dental medicine students
Modern scientific literature shows that enroll in preclinical and clinical subjects at dental medicine improved oral health manners and level of oral hygiene. The aim of this study was to determinate the maintenance of oral hygiene of the dental medicine students, at βGoce
Delcevβ Universityβ - Stip, Faculty of Medical Science.
Forty students from Faculty of Medical Sciences - Dental
Medicine were included in the study. The examinations
were made twice: before listening the subject
Oral Health and after, in third and the same student
in fifth semester. Evaluation was made how their attitude
has been changed in maintaining oral hygiene
after learning about oral health. Dental plaque index
(according to Silness and LΓΆe) and Decay, Missing, Filling Teeth index (DMFT) were used to determinate the
plaque level and caries teeth.
In the first testing period were processed results with
average value of 0.84 of Dental plaque index, in the
mean while students were attending courses about
oral health. The mean value of DMFT index among
students was 9.72. In the second clinical examination,
after one year were processed results with average value
of 0.69. After one year, mean value of DMFT index
among students was 7.8. Thereβs a significant reduction
in the unhealed caries shown by the result taken from
the decayed teeth which, when first examined was 1.1,
and after the second examination was 0.46.
Results showed that Oral Health subject has a major impact in improving the habits and manner of maintaining
oral hygiene among students. Students have less plaque
in fifth than third semester (after enrolled the subject).
Also, students have smaller number of caries (decay),
equal number of missing teeth, and higher number
of filing teeth in fifth than third semester. Knowledge
about oral health has important role in maintaining oral
hygiene and reducingg the level of plaque and decay
teeth among students of Dental Medicine.
Key words: Plaque index, Missing tooth, Oral hygiene,
DMFT index, Decay
ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Ρ - ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ
Π Π΅Π·ΠΈΠΌΠ΅:ΠΠ°Π±Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π° Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π·Π°Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΡ- Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΡ- ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π° Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ. ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π° ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π° ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° Π³ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π° ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΎΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π° Π΅ Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠΎ Π»ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π½Π° Ρ
ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½Π°. ΠΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ° ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π° ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡ, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π·Π° Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅, Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ²Π° Π·Π±ΠΎΡ Π·Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈ, Π±ΠΈΡ
Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°, ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΎ Π·Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠΎΡ Π΄Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡ. ΠΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΆΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΎΡ Π΄Π΅Π» ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π»Π΅Π·ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ²Π°Π° ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΡΠ²Π° Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΎΡ Π΄Π΅Π» ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ/ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡ.
Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π° Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Ρ, Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½.ΠΠ° ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄ Π±Π΅Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ- ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊaΡa Π΄Π°ΡΠ° Π±Π°Π·a Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΈ PubMed ΠΈ Π°Π½ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ Π°Π½ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΊ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π» Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π°Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Ρ, Π²ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ²Π°Π° ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°.
ΠΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π·Π° Π½Π°ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡ Π΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡ Π·Π° Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³, Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π½ΡΠ²Π° ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ
Π²ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π½Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌ Π±ΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π·Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Ρ, Π° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΎΠ²Π°Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅: Π»ΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΈ, Π»ΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π»ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π½Π° Ρ
ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°.ΠΠ°ΡΠΎΠ°, Π½Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π½ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ ΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π°Ρe Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π½Π°ΡΠ° Ρ
ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½Π°, ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Π²ΠΎ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π³Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ.
ΠΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ: ΠΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Ρ, ΠΊΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ, Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡ
- β¦