193 research outputs found

    Како Π΄Π° Π³ΠΈ класифицирамС, Π΄ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΈ Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ±ΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ€Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ дисфункции

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    Π’Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ±ΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ€Π΅Π½ Π·Π³Π»ΠΎΠ± Π΅ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π΅Π½ Π·Π³Π»ΠΎΠ± ΠΈ СдинствСна ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ½Π° врска ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ“Ρƒ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ†Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΡ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡƒΠΌΠΎΡ‚. Π”Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ΡšΠ°Ρ‚Π° Π²ΠΎ Π΄Π²Π°Ρ‚Π° Π·Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ сС ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π·Π°Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ синхронизирани ΠΈ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΡƒΠ²Π°Π°Ρ‚ двиТСњС Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ†Π°. ΠŸΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡ‚ Π΄ΠΈΡΡ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π° Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ±ΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ€Π΅Π½ Π·Π³Π»ΠΎΠ± сС користи Π·Π° структурни ΠΈ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π·Π°Π½ΠΈ со Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ±ΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ€Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π·Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, мастикаторнитС мускули ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ структури. Од ΡΡƒΡˆΡ‚ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅ΡšΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΈΠ·Π±ΠΎΡ€ Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π½Π° ΠΈ Сфикасна Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΏΠΈΡ˜Π° Π΅ стоматологот Π΄Π° Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π΅ Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡˆΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ‚ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ кој ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π·Π°Π½ со Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ±ΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ€Π½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅

    Temporomandibular disorders – classification and etiological factors

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    Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are a group of more than 30 conditions that cause pain and dysfunction in the jaw joint and muscles that control jaw movement. According to the latest classification TMDs can be classified into the following categories: Masticatory muscle disorders (muscle pain, muscle spasm, myositis and tendonitis); Derangements of the condyle-disc disorders (disc displacement with and without reduction, disc perforation, structural changes in the articular surfaces of the TMJ and TMJ dislocation); Inflammatory and degenerative disorders (arthritis and osteoarthritis); Limited mobility of TMJ – hypomobility (forward disc displacement, ankylosis and trismus) and Congenital and developmental anomalies. The causes of temporomandibular disorders are complex and multifactorial. There are numerous factors that can contribute to temporomandibular disorders, mostly divided in five major etiological factors, such as: Unbalanced occlusion; Trauma; Emotional stress; Deep inner pain and Parafunctional movements. The successful management of temporomandibular disorders is dependent on identifying and controlling the contributing factors. There is no treatment that is universal and appropriate for all temporomandibular disorders. In many situations, the success of therapy depends less on how the treatment is performed than on whether the therapy is appropriate and correct for the disorder. Therefore, making a correct diagnosis is extremely important for proper treatment

    ΠŸΠΎΡ€Ρ†Π΅Π»Π°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π°Π±Π½ΠΈ фасСтки

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    ΠŸΠΎΡ€Ρ†Π΅Π»Π°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π°Π±Π½ΠΈ фасСтки прСтставуваат соврСмСни СстСтски Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ˜Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π³ΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΠ²Π°Π°Ρ‚ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ° ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ сС поставуваат Π·Π° ΡƒΠ±Π°Π²Π° ΠΈ Π°Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Π° насмСвка. Π’ΠΈΠ΅ сС ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Ρ€Π° Ρ‚Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ фасСтки Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ˜Π½ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½ΠΈ Π΄Π° ја ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ°Ρ‚ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΡƒΠ±Π°Π²Π°Ρ‚Π° насмСвка Π·Π° која ΠΎΡ‚ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π°Ρˆ стС сонувалС. Π˜Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° Π²Π°ΠΊΠ²ΠΈ фасСтки Π±Π°Ρ€Π° ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π°Π»Π½ΠΎ познавањС Π½Π° постапката Π·Π° ΠΈΠ·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ°, високо Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π° прСцизност ΠΈ Ρ‚Π°Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‚ Π·Π° умСтност ΠΎΠ΄ страна Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚, Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ сС ΠΎΡ‡Π΅ΠΊΡƒΠ²Π° Π΄Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ€Π±Π°, Ρ€Π°Π·Π±ΠΈΡ€Π°ΡšΠ΅ ΠΈ издрТливост сС со Ρ†Π΅Π» Π΄Π° Π³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ посакуваниот Π΅Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚

    ΠŸΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΈ Π·Π° Π±Π΅Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ надомСстоци - ΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ фасСти

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    ВСорСтски Π΄Π΅Π» 1-1.5саат - Π²ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ Π²ΠΎ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ систСми – ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π±Π°, ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° - ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π·Π° Π±Π΅Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ фасСти - ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΠΈ Π½Π° Ρ†Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° Π±Π΅Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ рСставрации – ΠΈΠ·Π±ΠΎΡ€ Π½Π° Ρ†Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚, спСцифичности Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΌΠ° Π½Π° Π·Π°Π± ΠΈ Π½Π° Π±Π΅Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ надомСсток ΠŸΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅Π½ Π΄Π΅Π» 2 саати - ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π° Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈ Π·Π°Π±Π° (Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ², ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ€ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ€

    Assessing prevalence of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders among dental students using Fonseca’s questionnaire

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    Aim: Temporomandibular Disorders (TMDs) are very frequent and the most common condition that affects the temporomandibular joint harming individuals’ quality of life. The etiology of temporomandibular disorders is multifactorial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and association between stress and TMDs in dental students in Macedonia. Material and methods: The research was conducted on 95 dental students using Fonseca’s questionnaire to measure the prevalence and to identify the severity of symptoms of temporomandibular disorders along with their clinical examinations. The results were scored and estimated in the specified population. The group consisted of 40 men and 55 women and were divided in two groups: Group 1 consisted of 60 and Group 2 of 35 students. The data analyses were based on the respondents in the questionnaires and calculated using Statistical software SPSS for Windows version 23. Results: Results of this study showed that the prevalence of TMD was 57,89% accordingly of them 45,26% with mild TMD, 10,52% moderate and 5,26% severe TMD. According to the answers, the symptoms were more prevalent in women, with 63,63%. Some level of TMD was registered in men with 36,36%. The most common etiological factors were psychological stress (31,57%) and malocclusion (18,94%). Clicking sound was found in 10,52% of the students. Conclusion: Stress was associated with individuals with a higher prevalence of temporomandibular dysfunction. This study highlights the importance of prevention and early diagnosis as key factors for successful management of TMD among dental students. Key words: dental students, Fonseca's questionnaire, stress, temporomandibular disorder

    Treatment with active orthodontic appliance in adult patient

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    Aim: Showing the efficiency of orthodontic mobile appliance in treatment of adult patient Case summary: The patient A.K. Age 25 years whit forced progenia, bilateral hypodontia of the maxillary incisors and cross bite of 2 mm in front. The patient was treated with active orthodontic appliance whit bitten ridge and down labial arch. The treatment lasted 18 months after which periods is reached normal occlusion with normal overlap in front and closed diastema mediana. The hypodontia of the maxillary lateral incisors is resolved by prosthetic construction. Conclusion: By solving these malocclusions the patient has established normal function of stomathognathic system and the required esthetic in satisfied. This case demonstrates that orthodontic mobile appliance can be used in treatments of adult patient whit significant success

    A Fundamental Human Right: Expanding Access to Affordable Housing for Latin America\u27s Low and Middle-Income Families

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    ΠΠ°Ρ˜Ρ‡Π΅ΡΡ‚ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π° ΠΎΠ΄ Π·Π°Π± Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π·Π°Π½ со Π·Π°Π±ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π°, Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ˜Π°Ρ‚ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈ здравствСни ΡΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ˜Π±ΠΈ, Ρ‡ΠΈΡ˜Π° ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ° Ρ€Π΅Ρ„Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ€Π° ΠΈ исто Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π°Ρ‚ симптоми Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ°. ΠŸΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ€Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ° Π³ΠΎ става Π½Π° Ρ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊ Π²Π°ΡˆΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠΏΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π΄Ρ€Π°Π²Ρ˜Π΅.Ако Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π° ΠΏΠΎ Сндодонтскиот Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΌΠ°Π½ Π΅ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ²Π½Π°, ΠΎΠ²Π° Π±ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π»ΠΎ Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π° Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎΡ‚ Π° Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Π» ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚ ΠΎΠ΄ случаитС ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π΅ΠΊΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ Π·Π° Π΄Π° сС ослободи Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π° Π²ΠΎ корСнскиот ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π».ΠΠ°Ρ˜Ρ‡Π΅ΡΡ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ сС ΠΏΡ€Π°ΡˆΡƒΠ²Π°Π°Ρ‚ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π° појави Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ќС сС отстрани ΠΏΡƒΠ»ΠΏΠ°Ρ‚Π° (Π½Π΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΡ‚), Π½ΠΎ Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±Π° Π΄Π° Π·Π½Π°Π°Ρ‚ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎ сС ΠΏΠ°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠ²Π°Π°Ρ‚ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΡ‚, Π° Π½Π΅ Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ Π·Π°Π±. ΠŸΠ°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π° сС Π·Π°Ρ„Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π° ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π³ΠΈΡ€Π°Π°Ρ‚ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡšΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° стоматолог ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Π°Ρˆ ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡƒΠ»ΠΏΠ°Ρ‚Π° сС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡˆΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ²Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°.ΠΠ°Ρ˜Ρ‡Π΅ΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ послС ΠΊΠΎΡ€Π΅Π½ΠΎΡ‚ сС: Π˜Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°. ΠŸΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΠ΅Ρ‡ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ воспалСниС Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π»ΠΈΠ³Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρƒ корСнскитС ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° Π·Π°Ρ„Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ Π·Π°Π± Π΅ Π½Π°Ρ˜Ρ‡Π΅ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π° Π·Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΏΠΎ Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡ€Π΅Π½ΠΎΡ‚. Бруксизам - ΠŸΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈ со ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° бруксизам ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° сС соочат со Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΎ корСнскитС ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈ послС Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΏΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° со корСнскиот ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π». Π˜Π½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° - ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ апсцСс (ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π° гној ΠΈ тСчност Π½Π° Π²Ρ€Π²ΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡ€Π΅Π½ΠΎΡ‚). Нов апсцСс ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° сС Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ Π½Π° коскСна ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° ΠΏΠΎΡ€Π°Π΄ΠΈ Π±Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ Π½Π°Π΄Π²ΠΎΡ€ ΠΎΠ΄ Π²Ρ€Π²ΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡ€Π΅Π½ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π° Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ Π½Π° Сндодонтската ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡ€Π° која ја ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ€Π° коската Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ†Π°Ρ‚Π°. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡ‚ Π²Ρ€Π· Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρƒ ΠΊΠΎΡ€Π΅Π½ΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π° коскитС сС Π·Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡƒΠ²Π°, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠ²Π°Ρ˜ΡœΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ понСкогаш ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΊ. Π‘Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΌΠΎΡ€Π° Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ сигурСн Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° Π΅ цСлосно Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ Π΄Π° сС рСставрира Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚. ΠšΠΎΡ€Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ‚ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π» Π½Π΅ Π΅ цСлосно исчистСн, истиот Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½ Π²ΠΎ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π° Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΠ²Π°Π°Ρ‚ Π±Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‚ Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°.НСдоволно Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈ корСнски ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡ€ΡˆΠ΅Π½ инструмСнт Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΡ‚.НСколку ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡˆΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ˜Π±ΠΈ, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π°Ρ‚ Π΄ΠΎ сСриозни ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ. ΠŸΠΎΡ‚Ρ†Π΅Π½ΡƒΠ²Π°Ρ˜ΡœΠΈ ја Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΈ со Π²Π΅Ρ€ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ќС ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π·Π° посСта Π½Π° стоматолог ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° Π΄Π° сС ΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΈ. Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ ќС Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Π·Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π°, Π³ΡƒΠ±Π΅ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±Π° ΠΎΠ΄ поскапи Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈ

    Root caries - risk factors, preventive and restorative measures

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    Dental caries is an infectious disease of the hard dental tissues caused by the oral flora, which together with the host factor and the nutritional factor, influence the process of demineralization of the hard dental tissues and cavity formation. Root caries is a multifactorial disease that occurs in the elderly population and is associated with age-related physiological gingival recession that is significantly exacerbated when combined with poor oral hygiene. Because root caries is a multifactorial disease, there may be multiple factors that contribute to its occurrence, whether it be intraoral factors, behavioral factors, or population-related factors, all of which increase an individual's risk of developing root caries. on the tooth. Several studies show that the majority of root caries are primary lesions. This indicates the fact that the majority by controlling/modifying risk factors can prevent the occurrence and progression of tooth root caries. The purpose of this paper was to highlight risk factors for the occurrence of root caries, methods of prevention and treatment. For the realization of this paper, several scientific and research papers, a literature search through the electronic database PubMed and an anonymous survey questionnaire were used in order to obtain information regarding the experience dentists have with root caries, regarding how they manage this dental problem. Identifying risk factors that contribute to the occurrence of root caries of the tooth is an important factor for a dentist, because by identifying and eliminating it, success is achieved in terms of preventive measures to prevent the occurrence of root caries of the tooth. There are a large number of risk factors, all of which directly or indirectly cause the development of root caries, and according to our respondents, the most common factors indicated for this problem are: bad edges of crowns, bad edges of restorations, bad oral hygiene and gingival recession. Therefore, the best preventive treatment will consist of identifying risk factors, improving oral hygiene, limiting carbohydrate intake and regular dental check-ups

    Oral hygiene level maintenance of dental medicine students

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    Modern scientific literature shows that enroll in preclinical and clinical subjects at dental medicine improved oral health manners and level of oral hygiene. The aim of this study was to determinate the maintenance of oral hygiene of the dental medicine students, at β€œGoce Delcev” University” - Stip, Faculty of Medical Science. Forty students from Faculty of Medical Sciences - Dental Medicine were included in the study. The examinations were made twice: before listening the subject Oral Health and after, in third and the same student in fifth semester. Evaluation was made how their attitude has been changed in maintaining oral hygiene after learning about oral health. Dental plaque index (according to Silness and LΓΆe) and Decay, Missing, Filling Teeth index (DMFT) were used to determinate the plaque level and caries teeth. In the first testing period were processed results with average value of 0.84 of Dental plaque index, in the mean while students were attending courses about oral health. The mean value of DMFT index among students was 9.72. In the second clinical examination, after one year were processed results with average value of 0.69. After one year, mean value of DMFT index among students was 7.8. There’s a significant reduction in the unhealed caries shown by the result taken from the decayed teeth which, when first examined was 1.1, and after the second examination was 0.46. Results showed that Oral Health subject has a major impact in improving the habits and manner of maintaining oral hygiene among students. Students have less plaque in fifth than third semester (after enrolled the subject). Also, students have smaller number of caries (decay), equal number of missing teeth, and higher number of filing teeth in fifth than third semester. Knowledge about oral health has important role in maintaining oral hygiene and reducingg the level of plaque and decay teeth among students of Dental Medicine. Key words: Plaque index, Missing tooth, Oral hygiene, DMFT index, Decay

    ΠšΠΎΡ€Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ кариСс - Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈ Π½Π° Ρ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊ, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π²Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ рСставративни ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ΠΊΠΈ

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    Π Π΅Π·ΠΈΠΌΠ΅:Π—Π°Π±Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ кариСс прСтставува ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ° Π½Π° Ρ‚Π²Ρ€Π΄ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π·Π°Π±Π½ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ страна Π½Π° ΠΎΡ€Π°Π»Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° Ρ„Π»ΠΎΡ€Π°, ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π·Π°Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎ со Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚- домаќин ΠΈ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚- исхрана Π²Π»ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π°Ρ‚ Π²ΠΎ процСсот Π½Π° Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅Ρ€Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π° Ρ‚Π²Ρ€Π΄ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π·Π°Π±Π½ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΈ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚. ΠšΠ°Ρ€ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡ€Π΅Π½ΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ прСтставува ΠΌΡƒΠ»Ρ‚ΠΈΡ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π½Π° болСст која сС Ρ˜Π°Π²ΡƒΠ²Π° кај постарата ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° ΠΈ сС ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π·ΡƒΠ²Π° со Ρ„ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡˆΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π° Ρ€Π΅Ρ†Π΅ΡΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π° Π³ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π·Π°Π½Π° со ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ€Π΅Π΅ΡšΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½ΠΎ сС Π²Π»ΠΎΡˆΡƒΠ²Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π° Π΅ Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° со лоша ΠΎΡ€Π°Π»Π½Π° Ρ…ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½Π°. ΠŸΠΎΡ€Π°Π΄ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ° ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ корСнскиот кариСс прСтставува ΠΌΡƒΠ»Ρ‚ΠΈΡ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π½Π° болСст, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ° повСќС Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈ ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ допридонСсуваат Π·Π° Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ˜Π°Π²ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅, Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ ќС станува Π·Π±ΠΎΡ€ Π·Π° ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΎΡ€Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈ, Π±ΠΈΡ…Π΅Ρ˜Π²ΠΈΠΎΡ€Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΠΊ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π·Π°Π½ΠΈ со ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π°, ситС Ρ‚ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΎ Π·Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡƒΠ²Π°Π°Ρ‚ Ρ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Ρ†ΠΎΡ‚ Π΄Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ΅ кариСс Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡ€Π΅Π½ΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚. ПовСќС студии ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΆΡƒΠ²Π°Π°Ρ‚ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΎΡ‚ Π΄Π΅Π» ΠΎΠ΄ корСнскитС кариСси сС ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ€Π½ΠΈ Π»Π΅Π·ΠΈΠΈ. Оваа ΡƒΠΊΠ°ΠΆΡƒΠ²Π° Π½Π° Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ‚ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΎΡ‚ Π΄Π΅Π» со ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ€Π°ΡšΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ/ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ€Π°ΡšΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π½Π° Ρ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π³ΠΎ спрСчи Π½Π°ΡΡ‚Π°Π½ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ€Π°ΡšΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° корСнскиот кариСс Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° овој Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄ бСшС Π΄Π° сС ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡ€Π°Π°Ρ‚ Ρ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈ Π·Π° појава Π½Π° корСнски кариСс, Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½ Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π²Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° ΠΈ Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΌΠ°Π½.Π—Π° Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π° овој Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄ Π±Π΅Π° користСни повСќС Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½ΠΎ- истраТувачки Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π±Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΊΡƒ СлСктронскaΡ‚a Π΄Π°Ρ‚Π° Π±Π°Π·a Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ†ΠΈ PubMed ΠΈ Π°Π½ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ Π°Π½ΠΊΠ΅Ρ‚Π΅Π½ ΠΏΡ€Π°ΡˆΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΊ со Ρ†Π΅Π» Π΄Π° сС Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚ ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎ однос Π½Π° искуството ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π°Ρ‚ стоматолозитС ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ со корСнскиот кариСс, Π²ΠΎ однос Π½Π° Ρ‚ΠΎΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ја ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΡŸΠΈΡ€Π°Π°Ρ‚ ΠΎΠ²Π°Π° ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡˆΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ°. Π˜Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° Ρ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈ ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ придонСсуваат Π·Π° Π½Π°ΡΡ‚Π°Π½ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° корСнски кариСс Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ Π΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ Π·Π° Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ стоматолог, бидСјќи со Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ€Π°ΡšΠ΅ сС постигнува успСх Π²ΠΎ однос Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π²Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ΠΊΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ‡ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π½Π΅ настанС корСнски кариСс Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚. ΠŸΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ˜Π°Ρ‚ Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌ Π±Ρ€ΠΎΡ˜ Π½Π° Ρ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ ситС Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡ€Π΅ΠΊΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡ€Π΅ΠΊΠ½ΠΎ сС ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π° Π·Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ˜ Π½Π° корСнски кариСс, Π° спорСд Π½Π°ΡˆΠΈΡ‚Π΅ испитаницитС ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π½Π°Ρ˜Ρ‡Π΅ΡΡ‚ΠΈ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ сС посочСни Π·Π° ΠΎΠ²Π°Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ° сС: лоши Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΈ, лоши Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π½Π° рСстарвации, лоша ΠΎΡ€Π°Π»Π½Π° Ρ…ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π½Π° Ρ€Π΅Ρ†Π΅ΡΠΈΡ˜Π°.Π—Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ°, Π½Π°Ρ˜Π΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π²Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π½ Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΌΠ°Π½ ќС Π½ΠΈ сС состои ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° Ρ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€ΡƒΠ²Π°Ρše Π½Π° ΠΎΡ€Π°Π»Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° Ρ…ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½Π°, ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ° Π²ΠΎ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° Ρ˜Π°Π³Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ…ΠΈΠ΄Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡˆΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ. ΠšΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π½ΠΈ Π·Π±ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ: Π”Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»Π΅Π½ кариСс, ΠΊΠ°Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚, возрасна ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜
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